Roman Catholicism

The largest Christian tradition, comprising over 1.3 billion members worldwide. Roman Catholicism traces its institutional continuity to Peter and the apostles, centering on the papacy, seven sacraments, and the teaching authority (magisterium) of the church.

Core Beliefs

Papal Authority

Catholics believe Jesus established Peter as the first pope (Matthew 16:18-19), and the Bishop of Rome continues this apostolic succession. The pope exercises supreme authority in matters of faith and morals, and when speaking ex cathedra (from the chair), is considered infallible.

Seven Sacraments

Catholics recognize seven sacraments as channels of divine grace: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance (Confession), Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony. The Eucharist is understood as the literal body and blood of Christ (transubstantiation).

Scripture and Tradition

While honoring the Bible, Catholicism holds that divine revelation is transmitted through both Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition, with the magisterium (teaching office) providing authoritative interpretation.

Communion of Saints

Catholics believe in the intercession of Mary and the saints, venerating (but not worshiping) them as exemplars of faith and powerful advocates before God.

Historical Development

• 1st century - Jesus establishes the church; Peter leads in Rome
• 4th century - Christianity becomes Roman Empire’s official religion
• 11th century - Great Schism (1054) separates Western (Catholic) from Eastern (Orthodox) churches
• 16th century - Protestant Reformation; Council of Trent (1545-1563) responds
• 19th century - First Vatican Council (1869-1870) defines papal infallibility
• 20th century - Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) modernizes liturgy and church practice

Practices

• Mass - Central liturgical celebration, including the Eucharist
• Liturgical calendar - Seasons of Advent, Christmas, Lent, Easter
• Confession - Sacramental reconciliation with God through a priest
• Celibate priesthood - Priests and religious take vows of celibacy
• Marian devotion - Rosary, feasts honoring Mary

Geographic Distribution

Catholicism is the majority religion in much of Latin America, Southern Europe, parts of Africa, and the Philippines. Significant populations exist in the United States, Poland, and other regions worldwide.

Church Structure

The Catholic Church is hierarchically organized: the pope in Rome leads, followed by cardinals, bishops (overseeing dioceses), priests (serving parishes), and deacons. Religious orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits, etc.) provide specialized ministry.

Relation to Other Christian Traditions

Catholicism separated from Eastern Orthodoxy in 1054 over theological and jurisdictional disputes. The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century rejected papal authority and certain Catholic doctrines. Catholic-Protestant dialogue has increased since Vatican II, though significant theological differences remain.